Pathological changes causing menopause and what are the pathological changes experienced after menopause?
Menopause comes at different ages for women. What are the pathological changes causing menopause and what are the pathological changes experienced after menopause? McCance & Huether, (2019) define menopause as the “cessation of ovulation due to loss of ovarian follicles result in reduced ovarian production of estradiol, increased FSH, and LH, and decreased inhibin”. Leading up to menopause changes to hormones such as unpredictable high levels of estradiol, a decrease in progesterone levels, and a disturbed ovarian-pituitary-hypothalamic feedback relationship resulting in increased levels of LH are seen (McCance & Huether, 2019). A steady decrease in follicles is seen starting in a woman’s late 30s and continues until follicles are depleted. This parallels with decreased inhibin, increased FSH, and delayed and attenuated LH (McCance & Huether, 2019).
Changes within the uterus are also seen, affecting mostly the endometrium. With the increased amount of anovulatory cycles results in proliferative growth are seen (McCance & Huether, 2019). It is believed that the rapid changes of estrogen cause a disruption within the negative feedback over hypothalamic noradrenaline causing systemic changes such as vasomotor flushes (McCance & Huether, 2019). Menopause is the cessation of amenorrhea for 12 consecutive months. This is manifested by loss of ovarian function, high FSH and LH levels, low progesterone and estrodil levels, and a decrease follicular inhibin secretion. Changes after menopause result in changes in the breast tissue resulting in their reduction of size and firmness. Urogenital tract changes include the shrinking of ovaries, atrophy of the uterus and cervix, diminished lubrication, vaginal pH increases; the vagina shortens, narrows, and loses elasticity (McCance & Huether,2019).
There is a reduction of bone mass after menopause leading to increased porosity, brittleness increases the risk for osteoporosis and fractures. The risk for heart disease increases significantly after menopause. Woman will also experience emotional stress, mood swings, migraines, weight gain (McCance & Huether, 2019). Testicular cancer is common in younger men. Upon examination, you discover a hard nodule of the right testes. What are the oncogenic influences associated with testicular cancer? According to the American Cancer Society (2017) the exact cause for testicular cancer is not understood. However, research is showing how changes to a cell’s DNA can cause a cell to become cancerous. Extra copies of a part of chromosome 12 or other chromosomes is found in most testicular cancer cells. Factors such as body size, family history, undescended testicle, certain race/ethnicity, HIV, prior testicular cancer, and carcinoma in situ of the testicle are all risk factors that increase a male’s change for testicular cancer
. White men are 4 to 5 times increased risk for testicular cancer compared to black or Asian-American men. Testicular Cancer Society (2017) note that cells within the testes that begin to change and grow uncontrollably can result in a mass or tumor, which is often detected as a painless bump. These cancerous cells can invade and spread in the blood and lymph system causing tumors in other areas. Testicular cancer is the most prevalent cancer in men ages 15-35. Statistically a man is diagnosed with testicular cancer every hour of every day.
Testicular cancer is treatable and curable, however early diagnoses is key (Testicular Cancer Society, 2017). References American Cancer Society (2017). Do We Know What Causes Testicular Cancer? Retrieved August 8, 2017 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E., (2019). Pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. Testicular Cancer Society (2017). Understanding Testicular Cancer. Retrieved August 8, 2017 from http://www.testicularcancersociety.org/understanding_testicular_cancer.html?gclid=Cj0KCQjwwqXMBRCDARIsAD-AQ2jGYL7fxqEAsaUw_-Zk6qLq4KjQNuqAg0LXpbvTsRu4rSKdvbXaNTEaAg07EALw_wcB
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PAPER DETAILS
Academic Level
Masters
Subject Area
Nursing
Paper TypeÂ
Essay
Number of Pages
1 Page(s)/275 words
Sources
1
Format
APA
Spacing
Double Spacing
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