Post by Day 4 a comparison (similarities and differences) between juvenile and adult offender treatment approaches and programs. Explain at least two similarities and two differences related to treatment approaches and treatment programs. Explain at least one conclusion you drew or insight you gained as a result of your comparison.
Resources:
Please see chapters 4, 5, & 6 of the attached.
2017_Book_CorrectionalCounselingAndTreat.pdf
Peter C. Kratcoski
Correctional Counseling and Treatment Sixth Edition
Correctional Counseling and Treatment
Peter C. Kratcoski
Correctional Counseling and Treatment
Sixth Edition
Peter C. Kratcoski Kent State University Kent, Ohio, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-54348-2 ISBN 978-3-319-54349-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54349-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017935719
© Duxbury Press 1981, A Division of Wadsworth, Inc.
© Waveland Press, Inc., 1989, 1994, 2000, 2004 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature
The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This book is dedicated to the memory
of my brother, John E. Kratcoski
Preface
Correctional Counseling and Treatment, Sixth Edition, is designed to provide
information on the counseling and treatment methods currently being used in
community and institutional corrections in the United States. The treatment
methods and approaches that are most often used by criminal justice agencies are
presented. The book is not comprehensive, since some treatment and counseling
methods are not included. Those that appear to be the most useful to correctional
personnel who provide supervision and counseling to those under supervision of
justice agencies are examined. The treatment methods presented in the chapters and
illustrated through information obtained from interviews with practitioners
employed in criminal justice agencies appear to be those most relevant to the
current practices of correctional agencies.
In the Sixth Edition of Correctional Counseling and Treatment, all of the
chapters are new and original, written by the author of the book or by invited
authors.
When the first edition of Correctional Counseling and Treatment was published
in 1981, there was a debate over the purposes and effectiveness of correctional
treatment. Kratcoski (1981, p.vii) noted, “A key element in the controversy that has
arisen over the comparative effectiveness of various treatment programs is the fact
that the purpose of correctional treatment has come to be regarded as prevention of
recidivism.” This statement on the purposes of corrections was not accepted by
everyone. Kratcoski, (1981, p.vii) noted “At that time, many of the persons
employed in correctional agencies maintained that the goals of correctional treat-
ment must be more broadly defined, and that successful treatment should be
measured not only in terms of a lack of recidivism, but also by such progress as
improved mental health, ability to perform adequately in a work situation, success-
ful adjustment in the community, and appropriate handling of interpersonal
relationships.”
The debate over the purposes and effectiveness of correctional counseling and
treatment continued during the latter part of the twentieth century. The direction the
criminal justice system took in regard to punishment and treatment of juvenile and
vii
adult criminal offenders was influenced by research conducted at that time that
supported the contention that the treatment of offenders in the least restrictive
setting possible would, in the long run, be likely to lead offenders toward becoming
productive members of the community and help create a more secure society than if
offenders were harshly punished through long sentences in correctional facilities.
In 2004, the year the fifth edition of Correctional Counseling and Treatmentwas
published, it was noted by Kratcoski (2004, p. xiii) that, “The trend in recent years
toward determinate sentencing and retributive justice seemed for a time to reduce
the importance of treatment and counseling in corrections. However, when prisons
became overcrowded alternatives to the handling of criminal offenders had to be
found. This corrections dilemma had the latent effect of stimulating the develop-
ment of new innovative approaches in community corrections and growth of the use
of tried and trustworthy older approaches to community corrections. New commu-
nity based programs, often labeled ‘intermediate sanctions,’ emphasized
‘enhanced’ supervision and mandatory involvement in treatment programs.
Although the strongest emphasis of these programs was on supervision of the
offender, the treatment goals of the programs were also apparent.”
The current emphasis in corrections embraces many of the original goals.
However, the goals have been expanded, and new approaches to providing super-
vision and treatment have been added. The emphasis on providing restorative
justice in the processing of juvenile and criminal offenders through the criminal
justice system has continued and gained widespread acceptance during the first part
of the twenty-first century. This approach addresses the needs of the offender, the
needs of the victim, and the needs of the community in the decisions pertaining to
the treatment and sanctioning of offenders, and attempts to balance the treatment
goal of corrections with appropriate sanctioning of the criminal offenders in the
correctional process.
Closely related to the restorative justice approach is the recognition that victims
of crime have rights and that these rights of victims should be considered in any
decisions made regarding the processing of criminal offenders. Recognition of the
rights of victims to be present or heard at any stage of the processing of criminal
offenders has had an effect on the types of sentences convicted criminal offenders
receive and the provisions of their sanctions.
The emphasis on restorative justice has resulted in the creation of many new
programs and approaches to the processing of offenders. The mental health
approach in the treatment of some categories of offenders, particularly the mentally
ill, homeless, and substance abusers, has gained more acceptance by the legislators
who provide funding for special programming for such offenders as well as by law
enforcement agency personnel and judicial officials. Programs and special courts
for the mentally ill, drug and alcohol abusers, some categories of sex offenders,
abusers of family members, mentally disturbed military veterans, and others have
been established. The goals of these special programs are to provide counseling and
treatment for the purpose of rehabilitating these offenders by diverting them from
criminal justice processing or by having them processed and treated in community-
viii Preface
based programs. If they are sentenced to prison, special treatment programs for
these offenders have been established in institutions.
During the first part of the twenty-first century, many new approaches to
correctional treatment and programs have been created. The large majority of
these pertain to community corrections, with the emphasis on diversion and pro-
grams for special problem offenders.
The current emphasis on providing community sanctions, such as probation, or
commitment to a community-based residential treatment center in place of sen-
tencing to a correctional facility for a large number of offenders, particularly, those
convicted of minor drug offenses, has led to questions about the effectiveness of the
treatment programs provided. Critics of those who embrace the treatment (rehabil-
itation) approach to corrections can cite numerous correctional treatment programs
started in the past that, despite the huge amounts of funding given to implement and
operate the programs, showed minimal positive results when critically evaluated.
The current emphasis on evidence-based programming has gone a long way toward
reducing the probability that a new approach to correctional treatment and the
establishment of programs will result in failure. Currently, proposals for federal and
state funding require pretesting and evaluation before being fully implemented. It
must be shown that they are based on theory and research. For example, institution
of a statewide case management system for probation may take several years of
evaluations and feedback before the final version is decided upon and adopted.
Kent, Ohio Peter C. Kratcoski
Feburary 2017
References
Kratcoski, P. (1981). Correctional counseling and treatment (1st ed.). Monterey, CA:
Duxbury Press.
Kratcoski, P. (2004). Correctional counseling and treatment (5th ed.). Long Grove, IL:
Waveland Press, Inc.
Preface ix
Acknowledgments
The writing of this book would not have been possible without the assistance of the
many individuals who contributed their time and ideas and who provided invalu-
able information.
Special thanks is extended to Susan Crittenden, Debra White, and Susan
Worstall. These former Kent State students had illustrious careers working with
either federal or state correctional agencies. When asked to co-author a chapter for
this book, they eagerly accepted the offer. There is no better way to learn about an
occupation than to gain knowledge about the work through experience. If this is not
possible, a second approach is to have an experienced worker provide the
information.
In addition to those who contributed to the book by writing a chapter, there were
many others who contributed by way of interviews or provision of forms, docu-
ments, policies, and information on programs. I am proud to announce that many of
these individuals were my former students at Kent State University or are current
students. They include:
Dr. Thomas Anuszkiewicz, president of Marion Psychological Services and psy-
chologist in Stark County Jail
Melissa S. Bleininger, student, Kent State University
Jennifer Boswell, reentry specialist, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and
Correction
Christa Cross, chief forensic interviewer, Stark County Job and Family Services
Kelly Crowl, police officer/student resource officer, Louisville Police Department,
Louisville, OH, Kent State student
Arlune R. Culler, program director of Intensive Supervision Probation, Stark
County, OH, Adult Probation Department
John G. Haas, judge of Stark County Common Pleas Court, former judge of Drug
Court
Alison Jacob, director of Day Reporting Program, Stark County Common Pleas
Court
xi
James J. Lawrence, president and CEO of Oriana House, Inc.
Stacie Manfull, coordinator of Victim Services-Adult Division, Prosecutor’s Office
Stark County
Allison Pollard, student, Kent State University
Susan Watkins, municipal court/youth court judge, Independence and Jackson
County, MO
Special thanks to Katherine Chabalko, editor of Springer, Inc., for her invaluable
guidance and to Neil and Carol Rowe of Waveland Press, Inc., for their support in
publication of the earlier editions of Correctional Counseling and Treatment and
facilitation of the production of this sixth edition by Springer, Inc.
And very special thanks to my wife, Lucille Dunn Kratcoski, for her assistance
and support during the many years we have co-authored books, book chapters, and
journal articles.
xii Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I Correctional Counseling and Treatment: Past and Present
1 The Scope and Purposes of Correctional
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Punishment vs. Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The Focus of Correctional Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Assessment of the Effectiveness of Correctional
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Applying Restorative Justice Models in the
Correctional Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Restorative Justice: The Balanced Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Restorative Justice Development Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Community Restitution and Service Work as a Form
of Restorative Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Approaches to Restorative Justice Applications Within
Groups and Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Restorative Justice Conferencing with Juvenile
Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Police Diversion of Juvenile Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Mediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Definition and History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Mediation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
xiii
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 The Criminal Justice System in Transition:
Assisting Victims of Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Introduction: Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Training of Police in Servicing Victims of Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Services Provided by Victim Services Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Duties of Victim Advocates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Community Service Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Elderly Victims of Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Victims with Intellectual and Developmental
Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Part II The Diverse Roles of Counselors in Correctional Treatment
4 Continuity and Change in the Roles of Correctional
Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Introduction: Nature and Scope of Correctional Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The Correctional Worker’s Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Preparation for Positions in Correctional Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Education and Training for Correctional Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Education and Training for Correctional Officer Work . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Educational and Training for Professional Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Correctional Work with Children and Juveniles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Correctional Work with Adult Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Role Conflict in Correctional Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5 Treatment of Juvenile Offenders: Diversion
and Formal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Police Diversion of Delinquent Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
School Resource Officer Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Juvenile Court Diversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Teen (Youth) Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Treatment Programs for Special Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Treatment for Sexual Abusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Drug Courts for Juvenile Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Mission of Juvenile Drug Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Residential Treatment for Juvenile Delinquents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
xiv Contents
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6 Diverting Special Categories of Offenders
to Community Treatment Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Mentally Ill Criminal Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Diverting the Mentally Ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Processing the Mentally Ill Criminal Offender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Drug Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
The Stark County CHANCE Drug Court Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Diversion of Minor Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Community Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Veterans’ Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Programming for the Older Offender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7 The Functions of Classification and Assessment
Models in Correctional Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Introduction: The Development of Classification
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Use of Classification in the US Probation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
State Classification Systems for Probation and Parole . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
The Wisconsin Classification System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
The Ohio Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Comparison of Evidence-Based Classification
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Institutional Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Classification of Juvenile Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8 Community-Based Sanctions: Probation
and Post-release Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Historical Development of Probation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Types of Probation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Probation Officer Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
County/State Probation Services: Structure/Organization
of Dallas, Texas, Probation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Dallas County Judicial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Texas Sentencing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Contents xv
Offenses for Which the Code Does Not Allow
Community Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Types of Community Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Felony Community Supervision Punishment Ranges, Sanctions,
and Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Pretrial/Sentence Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Problems and Issues Relating to the Dallas Community
Supervision Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
The US Probation and Pretrial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Federal Pretrial Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Federal Sentencing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Structure of the US Probation and Pretrial Services
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Probation Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Levels of Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Post Conviction (US Probation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Problems and Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Conditional Release, Parole, and Post-incarceration
Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
A State-Supervised Reentry Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9 Community Residential Treatment and Institutional
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Introduction: Development of Community Residential
Housing for Criminal Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Current Status of Halfway Houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Specialized Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
The Community Corrections Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Oriana House History and Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Programming in Institutional Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
The US Bureau of Prisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Units for Veterans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
The Prison Experience . . . .
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In Module 5, we considered the third in our three-part series on research design. Specifically, the focus was on the longitudinal studies, in which the resear
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