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Order NowPROMPT: submit a screenshot of the item that you feel is the most valuable to you (now or in the future) and explain your reasoning in two to three sentences in a Microsoft Word document or the equivalent
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** Note: Here’s some additional information about the screenshot, “The Traditional Intelligence Cycle” that’s attached to understand it to help answer the question above ** :
Let’s go through each of these steps to illustrate how this cycle applies to the development of friendly and hostile intelligence for NSM.
Defining Requirements
An intelligence product is generated based upon a defined requirement. This requirement is what all other phases of the intelligence cycle are derived from. Just like a movie can’t be produced without a script, an intelligence product can’t be produced without a clearly defined intelligence requirement.
In terms of information security and NSM, that requirement is generally focused on a need for information related to assets you are responsible for protecting (friendly intelligence), or focused on information related to hosts that pose a potential threat to friendly assets (hostile intelligence).
These requirements are, essentially, requests for information and context that can help NSM analysts make judgments relevant to their investigations. This phase is ultimately all about asking the right questions, and those questions depend on whether the intelligence requirement is continual or situational. For instance, the development of a friendly intelligence product is a continual process, meaning that questions should be phrased in a broad, repeatable manner.
Some examples of questions designed to create baselines for friendly communication patterns might be:
What are the normal communication patterns occurring between friendly hosts?
What are the normal communication patterns occurring between sensitive friendly hosts and unknown external entities?
What services are normally provided by friendly hosts?
What is the normal ratio of inbound to outbound communication for friendly hosts?
On the other end of the spectrum, the development of a threat intelligence product is a situational process, meaning that questions are often specific, and designed to generate a single intelligence product for a current investigation:
Has the specific hostile host ever communicated with friendly hosts before, and if so, to what extent?
Is the specific hostile host registered to an ISP where previous hostile activity has originated?
How does the content of the traffic generated by the specific hostile host compare to activity that is known to be associated with currently identified hostile entities?
Can the timing of this specific event be tied to the goals of any particular organization?
Once you have asked the right question, the rest of the cards should begin to fall into place. We will delve further into the nature of friendly and threat intelligence requirements later in their respective sections.
Planning
With an intelligence requirement defined, appropriate planning can ensure that the remaining steps of the intelligence cycle can be completed. This involves planning each of these steps and assigning resources to them. In NSM terms, this means different things for different steps. For instance, during the collection phase this may mean assigning level three analysts (thinking back to our Chapter 1 discussion of classifying analysts) and systems administrators to work with sensors and collection tools. In the processing and analysis phase this may mean assigning level one and two analysts to these processes and sectioning off a portion of their time to work on this task.
Of course, the types of resources, both human and technical, that you assign to these tasks will vary depending upon your environment and the makeup of your technical teams. In larger organizations you may have a separate team specifically for generating intelligence products. In smaller organizations, you might be a one-man show responsible for the entirety of intelligence product creation. No matter how large or small your organization, you can participate in the development of friendly and threat intelligence.
Collection
The collection phase of the intelligence cycle deals with the mechanisms used for collecting the data that supports the outlined requirements. This data will eventually be processed, analyzed, and disseminated as the intelligence product.
In a SOC environment, you may find that your collection needs for intelligence purposes will force you to modify your overall collection plan. For the purposes of continual friendly intelligence collection, this can include the collection of useful statistics, like those discussed in Chapter 11, or the collection of passive real-time asset data, like the data generated with a tool we will discuss later, called PRADS.
When it comes to situational threat intelligence collection, data will typically be collected from existing NSM data sources like FPC or session data. This data will generally be focused on what interaction the potentially hostile entity had with trusted network assets. In addition, open source intelligence gathering processes are utilized to ascertain publicly available information related to the potentially hostile entity. This might include items like information about the registrant of an IP address, or known intelligence surrounding a mysterious suspicious file.
In order for intelligence collection to occur in an efficient manner, collection processes for certain types of data (FPC, PSTR, Session, etc.) should be well-documented and easily accessible.
Processing
Once data has been collected, some types of data must be further processed to become useful for analysis. This can mean a lot of different things for a lot of different types of data.
At a higher level, processing can mean just paring down the collected data set into something more immediately useful. This might mean applying filters to a PCAP file to shrink the total working data set, or selecting log files of only a certain type from a larger log file collection.
At a more granular level, this might mean taking the output from a third party or custom tool and using some BASH commands to format the output of those tools into something more easily readable. In cases where an organization is using a custom tool or database for intelligence collection, it might mean writing queries to insert data into this format, or pull it out of that format into something more easily readable.
Ultimately, processing can sometimes be seen as an extension of collection where collected data is pared down, massaged, and tweaked into a form that is ideal for the analyst.
Analysis
The analysis phase is where multiple collected and processed items are examined, correlated, and given the necessary context the make them useful. This is where intelligence goes from just being loosely related pieces of data to a finished product that is useful for decision-making.
In the analysis and generation of both friendly and threat intelligence products, the analyst will take the output of several tools and data sources and combine those data points on a per host basis, painting a picture of an individual host. A great deal more intelligence will be available for local hosts, and might allow this picture to include details about the tendencies and normal communication partners of the host. The analysis of potentially hostile hosts will be generated from a much smaller data set, and require the incorporation of open source intelligence into the analysis process.
What ultimately results from this process is the intelligence product, ready to be parsed by the analyst.
Dissemination
In most practical cases, an organization won’t have a dedicated intelligence team, meaning the NSM analysts will be generating intelligence products for their own use. This is a unique advantage, because the consumer of the intelligence will usually be the same person who generated it, or will at least be in the same room or under the same command structure. In the final phase of the intelligence cycle, the intelligence product is disseminated to the individual or group who initially identified the intelligence requirement.
In most cases, the intelligence product is constantly being evaluated and improved. The positive and negative aspects of the final product are critiqued, and this critique goes back into defining intelligence requirements and planning the product creation process. This is what makes this an intelligence cycle, rather than just an intelligence chain.
The remainder of this chapter is devoted to the friendly and threat intelligence products, and ways to generate and obtain that data. While the intelligence framework might not be referenced exclusively, the actions described in these sections will most certainly fit into this framework in a manner that can be adapted to nearly any organization.
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